Daniel Moynihan

China PNTR. This bill, H.R. 4444, would grant Communist China Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR), and thereby abolish the annual review process of Chinese NTR. It would also pave the way for Chinese entry into the World Trade Organization. The bill would all but guarantee that the tyrannical Chinese government will continue to receive billions of dollars in U.S. taxpayer-subsidized trade annually through export subsidy programs such as the Export-Import Bank and multilateral organs such as the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank. Although many of those promoting PNTR for China have claimed to be doing so on the basis of "free trade," just five days earlier the Senate had voted down -- by voice vote -- an amendment by Senator Ernest Hollings (D-SC) that would have allowed PNTR but abolished U.S. export subsidies to China.

The Senate passed H.R. 4444 on September 19, 2000 by a vote of 83-15 (Roll Call 251). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Helms Amendment to China Trade. Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) explained that his amendment "directs the President to certify that China has met a series of human rights conditions prior to granting PNTR to Communist China." The Helms amendment would prohibit the granting of "free trade" privileges to China under Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) until China has abolished the Laogai prison-labor system and released all religious prisoners and labor leaders. In essence, the Helms amendment affirms the self-evident truth that free trade with slaves is a contradiction, and that only when China is at least partly free should trade relations be normal.

The Senate rejected the Helms amendment to H.R. 4444 on September 12, 2000 by a vote of 32-63 (Roll Call 239). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Marriage Penalty Repeal. This measure would phase out over five years the marriage penalty in the income tax code. The marriage penalty taxes dual-income married families at a higher rate than couples who live together but are not married. Representative Jerry Weller (R-IL) explained that this vote was about "a very basic, fundamental question," namely: "Is it right that 25 million married working couples, 50 million taxpayers, pay on average $1,400 more in higher taxes just because they are married?"

The Senate passed H.R. 4810 on July 18, 2000 by a vote of 61-38 (Roll Call 215). We have assigned pluses to the yeas. Because this version of the bill had to be reconciled with that of the House, the Senate had another opportunity to vote on this important issue.

Ban New National Monuments. Introduced by Senator Don Nickles (R-OK), this amendment is similar to that described in House bill (below), except that it is not retroactive to 1999.

[ Ban New National Monuments. This amendment by Representative James Hansen (R-UT) would ban the use of funds for the implementation of "National Monuments" designated by the president since 1999. President Clinton has used a loophole in the 1906 Antiquities Act to lock up millions of acres of land from human usage. Representative Don Young (R-AK) explained that "this President is using this act ... to designate and to dictate the use of lands. Under the Constitution, it says only the Congress shall have that responsibility.... I swore to uphold the Constitution of the United States of America. Yet, we sit in this body and allow this act to be misused by this administration and say, oh, it is to protect those lands.... This is against the Constitution. He is not protecting what should be protected. He, in fact, is running this as a fiefdom and a kingdom." ]

The Senate rejected the Nickles amendment to H.R. 4578 on July 18, 2000 by a vote of 49-50 (Roll Call 208). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Estate Tax Repeal. The "Death Tax Elimination Act" would phase out over 10 years the Marxist inheritance tax that is decimating family farms across the United States. While the federal inheritance tax does not go as far as the third plank in Marx's Communist Manifesto, which called for "abolition of all rights of inheritance," it does tax up to 60 percent of the value of inheritances.

The Senate passed H.R. 8 on July 14, 2000 by a vote of 59-39 (Roll Call 197). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Social Security Earnings Tax Hike Repeal. This amendment by Senator Rod Grams (R-MN) is identical to the bill described in House bill H.R. 4865.

[ House Bill: Social Security Earnings Tax Hike Repeal. This bill, H.R. 4865, would repeal the 1993 Clinton-Gore tax increase on Social Security benefits. Under the provisions of the 1993 law, seniors still in the work force making more than $34,000 per year had income taxes assessed against 85 percent of their Social Security checks, up from 50 percent in years prior. This bill would bring the proportion of benefits taxed back down to 50 percent. ]

The Senate adopted the Grams amendment to H.R. 8 on July 13, 2000 by a vote of 58-41 (Roll Call 188). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Total Federal Control Over Health Insurance Industry. Senator Byron Dorgan (D-ND) introduced this amendment to mandate that all state and private health insurance plans cover operations and procedures dictated by the federal government. The amendment would dictate to states what benefits they ought to pay their employees by decreeing "a floor of federal protection that is applicable to all individuals enrolled in private health plans or private health insurance coverage, including individuals enrolled in health insurance coverage purchased in the individual market; and ... individuals enrolled in health plans offered to State and local government employees." Senator Don Nickles (R-OK) summarized the amendment this way: "We want the Federal Government to set standards, and, oh, States, you have to meet these standards. If not, the Federal Government is going to take over."

The Senate rejected the Dorgan amendment to H.R. 4577 on June 29, 2000 by a vote of 47-51 (Roll Call 167). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

$400 Million More for 21st Century Community Learning Centers. Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT) offered this amendment to increase to $1 billion the fiscal 2001 appropriation for the 21st Century Community Learning Centers federal after-school program. The bill already contained an appropriation of $600 million, which was itself an increase from $453 million in fiscal 2000.

The Senate rejected a motion to waive the Budget Act on the Dodd amendment to H.R. 4577 on June 28, 2000 by a vote of 48-51 (Roll Call 154). Having failed to get the three-fifths vote needed to waive the Budget Act, the point of order against the Dodd amendment was upheld and the amendment fell. We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Increased Education Spending. "This amendment just simply says," according to author Senator Paul Wellstone (D-MN), that "we should go from $8.36 billion to $10 billion -- a slight increase." Only a profligate socialist who is generous with someone else's money -- in this case, money owned by U.S. taxpayers -- could term a $1.64 billion increase "slight." The pending fiscal 2001 appropriation of $8.36 billion for Title I education spending already represented a five percent increase over fiscal 2000.

The Senate rejected a motion to waive the Budget Act on the Wellstone amendment to H.R. 4577 on June 27, 2000 by a vote of 47-52 (Roll Call 146). Having failed to get the three-fifths vote needed to waive the Budget Act, the point of order against the Wellstone amendment was upheld and the amendment fell. We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Create Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit. Senator Chuck Robb (D-VA) introduced this amendment to require the federal government to provide "a universal, comprehensive, dependable prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries." This wealth-draining welfare benefit would cost an estimated $75 billion over the first five years alone.

The Senate rejected the Robb amendment to H.R. 4577 on June 22, 2000 by a vote of 44-53 (Roll Call 144). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Federal Regulations on Ergonomics. This amendment would prohibit OSHA from using any funds in the underlying bill to promulgate, issue, administer, implement, or enforce ergonomic standards.

The Senate adopted this amendment to H.R. 4577 on June 22, 2000 by a vote of 57-41 (Roll Call 143). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Cut Anti-Drug Foreign Aid Increase by $734 Million. Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA) introduced this amendment to cut the anti-drug foreign foreign aid allotment for South and Central America from $934 million down to $200 million. Although Gorton's amendment represents a sizable cut in the amount budgeted for the program in the fiscal 2001 foreign aid appropriations bill, the remaining $200 million is still quadruple the $50 million appropriated during fiscal 2000.

The Senate rejected the Gorton amendment to S. 2522 on June 21, 2000 by a vote of 19-79 (Roll Call 139). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

To add "gender," "sexual orientation" and "disability" to the list of federally designated victim groups protected under "Hate Crimes" law.

Tax Subsidized Abortions on Military Bases. Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) offered this amendment to lift the ban on abortions at military base hospitals abroad, if military personnel pay the cost of the operation themselves. Senator Mike Enzi (R-WY) explained that despite the requirement that military personnel would be required to pay the cost of the operation, the Murray amendment "would essentially require tax funds to be used to aid in elective abortions. Military hospitals and medical clinics are built with American tax dollars. Military physicians, nurses, and other support personnel are paid by federal tax dollars.... Even if the abortion procedure itself was not directly paid for by federal funds, federal tax dollars would have to be used to train military physicians to perform abortions."

The Senate tabled (killed) the Murray amendment to S. 2549 on June 20, 2000 by a vote of 50-49 (Roll Call 134). We have assigned pluses to those who voted yea to table the amendment.

Presidential Nuclear Disarmament Waiver. This amendment offered by Senator John Warner (R-VA) would replace language in an amendment by Senator Bob Kerrey (D-NE) to the 2001 Defense authorization bill. Kerrey's amendment would have given the president the power to unilaterally reduce nuclear arms without the approval of Congress. Currently the president must get congressional approval to do so. Warner's amendment would give the president the ability to waive the limitation only after the Department of Defense did a nuclear overview study to be completed by December 2001. Although congressional approval should not be circumvented under any circumstances, this late date means that President Clinton would be unable to reduce the number of nuclear weapons on his own, restricting him in his negotiations of an arms deal with Russia.

The Warner amendment to S. 2549 passed the Senate on June 7, 2000 by a vote of 51-47 (Roll Call 119). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Farm Subsidies. This vote was to adopt the final version (conference report) of the bill that would provide $8.2 billion over the next five years for increased crop insurance subsidies. Currently, the federal government pays 13 to 57 percent of crop insurance premiums, but this bill would increase that portion to a range of 38 to 67 percent of the premiums. The aim of the increase is to curtail large emergency payments. This bill also would provide for $7.1 billion in economic assistance to farmers affected by low prices. All of this aid is especially irksome since the 1996 "Freedom to Farm" law passed by Congress was supposed to wean farmers off of harmful government subsidies.

The conference report on the farm subsidies bill, H.R. 2559, passed the Senate on May 25, 2000 by a vote of 91-4 (Roll Call 115). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Troops in Kosovo. This amendment would strike the provision in the military construction appropriations bill that would terminate funding for continued troop deployment in Kosovo unless Congress authorized the deployment. The provision also declared that no more than 75 percent of year 2000 supplemental spending for Kosovo could be obligated until the president certified that the European allies were paying specific percentages of the costs involved. If the administration did not certify those requirements by July 15, 2000, then the remaining money could be used only to withdraw the troops.

The amendment to strike the Kosovo provision of S. 2521 passed the Senate on May 18, 2000 by a vote of 53-47 (Roll Call 105). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Gun Control. This sense of the Senate vote was offered by Senator Tom Daschle (D-SD) to commend the organizers of the Million Mom March and urge Congress to give swift approval to H.R. 1501, the "Juvenile Justice Reform Act," which would increase federal control of local police through new federal programs that employ federal funds.

This sense of the Senate measure, S. 2521, passed the Senate on May 17, 2000 by a vote of 50-49 (Roll Call 104). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

"Centrist" Democrat Substitute for ESEA. This proposed substitute to the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) would increase spending on this program by $35 billion over five years. Yet this Democratic alternative was referred to by its supporters as "centrist" since it would entail block grants to the states (a GOP-favored approach), which would then allocate the money for the public schools, as opposed to allocating the money directly.

The Democrat substitute for S. 2 was rejected on May 9, 2000 by a vote of 13-84 (Roll Call 95). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Class Size Reduction. This amendment proposed by Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) would provide $1.75 billion in 2001 for measures to reduce class size. These measures would include recruiting and hiring new teachers, testing new teachers, and providing professional development. Yet, as Senator Tim Hutchinson (R-AR) pointed out in debate, the teacher-pupil ratio has been falling for a half century, and test scores have been falling as well. Hutchinson also voiced concerns about the amendment being a step toward nationalizing education and that it would have the unintended consequence of teachers leaving the "worst schools ... to fill newly created affluent slots."

The class size reduction amendment to S. 2 was rejected by the Senate on May 4, 2000 by a vote of 44-53 (Roll Call 93). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Democrat Substitute for ESEA. This Democrat version of the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) would provide money for many programs, including $2 billion for teacher recruitment and training, $1.75 billion to hire 100,000 new teachers, and $1.3 billion in grants and loans for emergency school repairs and renovations. States would also be required to come up with accountability plans and would be held accountable for student performance.

The Democrat substitute for S. 2 was rejected on May 3, 2000 by a vote of 45-54 (Roll Call 90). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Medicaid Expansion. Senator Edward Kennedy (D-MA) offered this amendment to the budget resolution to eliminate $11.2 billion in tax cuts and use what he termed as "savings" to provide health insurance to the parents of children covered by Medicaid and CHIP (Children's Health Insurance Plan). Children are eligible for CHIP when their families' earnings are above the cut-off for Medicaid eligibility. Making clear that this expansion of the welfare state is "for the children," Kennedy insisted: "Parents are much more likely to enroll their children in health insurance programs, if the parents themselves can obtain coverage."

The Medicaid and CHIP expansion amendment to Senate Concurrent Resolution 101 was rejected by the Senate on April, 7, 2000 by a vote of 49-49 (Roll Call 78). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Minimum Wage Increase. This amendment would express the sense of the Senate that the minimum wage should be increased by $1 over one year.

The minimum wage amendment to Senate Concurrent Resolution 101 passed on April 7, 2000 by a vote of 51-48 (Roll Call 76). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Democrat Budget Alternative. The Democrats' proposed substitute for the 2001 Budget Resolution would provide for $616 billion in discretionary spending in 2001, create a reserve fund of $40 billion over five years for Medicare prescription drug benefits, and allot $58.9 billion over five years for tax cuts. (The Republican version calls for $600.5 billion in discretionary spending, $40 billion over five years for Medicare prescription drug benefits, and $147.1 billion over five years for tax cuts.) Senator Pete Domenici (R-NM) summed up what he saw as the major difference between the two versions saying, "We think this is not the time to grow Government that much, but, rather, leave a little more ... for tax relief for the American people." This is not to say, as Domenici would argue, that the GOP version was worthy of support either; it simply was not as bad as the Democrat alternative.

The Democrats' budget substitute for Senate Concurrent Resolution 101 was rejected on April 7, 2000 by a vote of 45-55 (Roll Call 71). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Increase in Pell Grants. Senator Edward Kennedy (D-MA) offered this amendment to increase by $400 the maximum individual grant through the Pell program. Currently the maximum allowable grant is $3,300. The proposed increase would mean that the program would cost a total of $1.4 billion a year.

The amendment to Senate Concurrent Resolution 101 increasing Pell grants was adopted on April 7, 2000 by a vote of 51-49 (Roll Call 69). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Education Funding Instead of Tax Cuts. This motion by Senator Pete Domenici (R-NM) would table (kill) Senator Jeff Bingaman's (D-NM) amendment to the 2001 Budget Resolution. Bingaman's amendment would "redirect" $28.1 billion of the tax cut provision in the bill toward a plethora of federal education programs and would eventually increase the total amount for education over five years by $34.7 billion.

The motion to kill the education amendment to Senate Concurrent Resolution 101 was passed by the Senate on April 5, 2000 by a vote of 54-46 (Roll Call 54). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Television for "Underserved" Areas. This bill proposing a $1.25 billion loan guarantee program for local television in "underserved" areas is similar to House Vote (below).

[ Television for "Underserved" Areas. As a way of providing local television to 30 million households in areas of the country that cannot receive over-the-air signals or do not have local television through a satellite provider, this bill would create a new program that would provide $1.25 billion in loan guarantees to telecommunication providers. The loans would offer a competitive edge to satellite providers since cable companies cannot apply for the loans to expand their service. The loans would be administered by the Department of Agriculture's Rural Utilities Service. Representative Christopher Cox (R-CA) in floor debate asserted that the Rural Utilities Service is "writing off billions of dollars in their existing loan portfolio left and right, at taxpayer expense, and ... about 30 to 40 percent of the loans that are going to get made under this program are likely to be written off. So one can look at the cost of this program [and see that] right up front [it] is about $400 million." ]

The bill, S. 2097, passed the Senate on March 30, 2000 by a vote of 97-0 (Roll Call 50). We did not assign any pluses, since there weren't any nays.

The amendment would authorize up to $7 million in grants in 2001 and additional sums for the next four years to develop programs to reduce violence in schools, to indoctrinate children about the dangers of guns, and to provide violence-prevention information to children and parents.

Exemptions to Achievement Standards. Senator Paul Wellstone (D-MN) offered this amendment to exempt students from proposed achievement standards if they had not been "afforded ... an opportunity to learn the material necessary to meet the State achievement standards." Vaguely worded definitions of "opportunity" would allow a multitude of exceptions to an already meddlesome proposed federal requirement for states and local school districts receiving funds to implement achievement standards.

The Wellstone amendment was rejected by the Senate on March 2, 2000 by a vote of 29-69 (Roll Call 30). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Teacher Training. Another amendment to S. 1134, this one offered by Senator Edward Kennedy (D-MA), would eliminate the education savings accounts increase provided by the bill, and would use the resulting $1.2 billion in revenue to train and recruit teachers. Under this amendment, states would be held accountable for having qualified teachers in classrooms within four years of enacting the legislation.

The teacher training/recruitment amendment to S. 1134 was rejected by the Senate on March 2, 2000 by a vote of 39-60 (Roll Call 25). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

This amendment proposed by Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) would authorize $1.2 billion in fiscal 2001 for measures to reduce class size, mainly through hiring more teachers.

This vote concerns Senator William Roth's (R-DE) motion to kill Senator Charles Robb's (D-VA) amendment that would provide $25 billion in federal tax credits to holders of "qualified school modernization bonds." It would also authorize $1.3 billion annually for five years in grants and zero-interest loans for school repairs.

Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT) offered an amendment to the education savings account bill that would have authorized the distribution to states over the next five years the sum of $1.2 billion for special education programs.

Would provide $385 billion to provide five regular annual appropriations bills (District of Columbia, Labor/HHS/Education, Foreign Operations, Commerce/Justice/State/Judiciary, and Interior)

Declares that "Roe v. Wade was an appropriate decision," that giving mothers the ability to kill their babies in utero "secures an important constitutional right," and that Roe "should not be overturned."

Would ban the testing of nuclear weapons by the United States.

This $318 billion bill is the main funding measure for the federal welfare state during fiscal 2000.

Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT) proposed a measure to increase the federal day care block grant program by $817 million, raising the total to $2 billion.

This legislation would increase by $200 million the funding for federal after-school programs.

This vote was on a measure that would allocate $1.4 billion in the pending Labor/HHS/Education appropriations bill toward President Clinton's latest socialist fancy: Hiring 100,000 teachers for local school districts from the federal till.

Republican Tax Cut Package. This legislation is identical that described in House Vote (below).

[ House - Republican Tax Cut Package. The Republican tax plan would implement several tax cuts over a 10-year period. The legislation would cut the income tax rate by one percent beginning in 2005, but the tax cut would sunset by 2009. The measure would also cut the capital gains rate immediately by two percentage points, eliminate the marriage penalty under income taxes (starting in 2001), and phase out estate taxes until 2009 (after which the tax would be higher than current law).

The Republican Party trumpeted this bill as being a $792 billion tax cut, and the White House lobbied furiously against it claiming that the cuts were irresponsible. But the $792 billion figure is mere political posturing, since it is not only the projected total for a 10-year period but is based on projected costs in future years. Nevertheless, the bill was better than no tax cut at all and was deserving of support. ]

The measure, the final version of H.R. 2488, was adopted by the Senate on August 5, 1999 by a vote of 50-49 (Roll Call 261). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

This vote was on a measure proposed by Senator Robert Smith (R-NH) to eliminate $99 million slated for the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), effectively abolishing the agency.

This vote was on the nomination of Richard Holbrooke to be U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.

Minimum Wage Increase. A proposal by Senator Edward Kennedy (D-MA) would increase the national minimum wage by one dollar, from $5.15 per hour to $6.15 per hour. Senator Don Nickles (R-OK) opposed the amendment, observing that "we should not be passing a law in a tax cut bill to say it is against the law anywhere in the country to work for $6.10 an hour, that the federal government, in its infinite wisdom, decided if you don't have a job that pays at least $6.15 an hour you should be unemployed."

Sen. Kennedy's measure, an amendment to S. 1429, was rejected by the Senate on July 30, 1999 by a vote of 46-54 (Roll Call 239). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

More Federal Education Spending. This amendment would simply express the "sense of the Senate" that $132 million of the proposed 10-year tax cut should be shifted to wasteful federal education programs. The proposal untruthfully states that the tax cut it would abolish, a one percent reduction in the rate of the lowest income tax bracket, would "disproportionately benefit upper income taxpayers." Senator Tim Hutchinson (R-AR) argued against the amendment, noting that "If we do not pass the $792 billion tax relief, that money will not go toward paying down the national debt. It will, as already suggested in the speeches on the other side in the last few minutes, immediately go into more spending."

The Senate killed the measure, an amendment to S. 1429, defeating by a 48-52 vote on July 30, 1999 a waiver of a Budget Act point of order against the measure (Roll Call 232). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Subsidized Trade with Vietnam. "Vietnam has historically not been eligible to take advantage of American taxpayer-funded programs which subsidize business deals between American companies and the Communist Government agencies in Hanoi," explained Senator Robert Smith (R-NH). "That is, until last year."

In 1998 President Clinton issued a waiver of the Jackson-Vanik law for Communist Vietnam, giving a green light to federal corporate subsidy programs beneficial to the Red regime. Sen. Smith's legislation would overturn Clinton's waiver and ban taxpayer subsidies from going to the butchers in Hanoi through programs such as the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Export-Import Bank, and U.S. Department of Agriculture subsidy programs.

A discharge motion on Sen. Smith's bill (S. J. Res 28) would have brought the measure from the Finance Committee to the floor for a vote on passage. The Senate rejected the motion on July 20, 1999 by a vote of 5-94 (Roll Call 214). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

MFN/NTR Trade with Red China. This legislation is identical to the House Vote in that it would reverse President Clinton's decision to grant China "Normal Trade Relations" (formerly Most Favored Nation status). But the Senate dispensed with the measure in a different manner, voting on whether to discharge the resolution from the Senate Finance Committee for a vote on passage instead of voting on the resolution itself.

The Senate rejected the discharge motion on the bill, S.J. Res. 27, on July 20, 1999, by a vote of 12-87 (Roll Call 213). We have assigned pluses to the yeas.

Subsidizing Abortions. This measure, an amendment to ban federal financing of employee abortions, is identical to House Vote (below). It was adopted by voice vote after a tabling motion failed.

[ House - Subsidizing Abortions. Representative Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) proposed a measure that would allow abortions to be included as medical expenses in the health care coverage the federal government subsidizes for its employees. Representative Curt Weldon (R-PA), opposing DeLauro's proposal, explained that "the unborn baby in the womb is not a potential life. It meets all of the criteria of a life, the criteria that I used to use as a practicing physician to determine whether somebody is alive or dead: a beating heart, active brain waves." ]

The tabling (killing) motion on the measure, an amendment to S. 1282, was rejected by the Senate on July 1, 1999 by a vote of 47-51 (Roll Call 197). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Foreign Aid Appropriations. This $12.7 billion foreign aid appropriations bill is similar to House Vote (below).

[ House - Foreign Aid Appropriations. This legislation would appropriate $12.7 billion during fiscal 2000 for wasteful and unconstitutional foreign aid programs abroad. ]

This bill, S. 1234, was adopted by the Senate on June 30, 1999 by a vote of 97-2 (Roll Call 192). We have assigned pluses to the nays.

Combat Troops to Yugoslavia. A proposal by Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA) would prohibit any funds in the Defense Department authorization bill from being used to introduce combat troops into Yugoslavia, including Kosovo. The measure would exempt "peacekeeping" police forces from the prohibition, and would therefore act mainly as a prohibition against a military invasion. Sen. Specter explained that the measure "is designed to uphold the Constitution of the United States, which grants the exclusive authority to declare war to the Congress of the United States."

Senator Specter's proposal, an amendment to S. 1059, was tabled (killed) by the Senate on May 25, 1999 by a vote of 52-48 (Roll Call 145). We have assigned pluses to the nays.